The Sati System - Origins

The Origins of the Sati System
by Dr. Jyotsna Kamat

First Online: February 01, 2001
Page Last Updated: January 02, 2012

The Mahasati (the great Sati) or the Sahagamana (joint departure) system of a cremating the woman alive on the death of her husband is an ancient custom in India. Scholars of  the Puranas trace the origins to the suicide of Satidevi in the Yajnakunda (sacrificial fireplace) of Lord Brahma, while a few attribute it to the pre-caste Vedic system of Indian society. In the Indian mythology of the Mahabharat, there is the instance of Madri dying on the funeral pyre of husband Pandu, leaving the children to the care of the first wife Kunti. The feminists proclaim the Sati system as a cruel institution established by  men against the womankind, while the lower-caste in India have felt it as another means of torture taxed on them by the upper-caste Brahmins. 

The answer to the complex question of how Sati system originated is perhaps all of them:

• Burning the wife along with the attendants, horses and carriages of the the dead dignitary was a common practice among come Central Asian tribes. India being the melting pot of good and bad social systems of its constituent cultures, the custom of Sati was absorbed.

• In a time which believed that a woman's path to heaven is though Sheela and Pativritya -- her character, and devotion to her husband, it was perhaps thought that a woman's life served no purpose after the death of her husband.

• It might have come into practice as an evil family conspiracy against the widow to benefit from her assets and gold.

• The life of a widow was so bad (this has continued to this day in India), the women perhaps favored death to humiliation.

• The women who went Sati were glorified to no avail. The entice of instant fame and  immortality cannot be ruled out on why women committed Sati.

• There is another suicide tradition in the Jain religion called Sallekhana, where one dedicated one's soul in prayer. Despite of this tradition, numerous instances in Indian history illustrate when a Jain woman has preferred Sati over Sallekhana -- especially in the cases of untimely deaths of the husband.

• Some women believed that those who died with the love of their life, were united with the man in heaven in an eternal marriage. Numerous women believed that they have married the same man in several of their lives. There is an interesting instance of a wife who went Sati with another man (not her husband), because of her belief that he was the one.

• In Bengal, a system called Däyabhaga prevailed entitling a woman equal property along with male members of the departed husband. This may be the reason for the Sati system being more popular in that region, wherein the woman was driven to commit Sati by force.

• There are numerous occasions when the woman experiences a divine calling (see: Valle's interview) and decided to commit Sati. 

Excerpted from author's book Mahile - Ondu Adhyanana, Nava Karnataka, 1999

See Also:

• Eye Witness Account of a Sati (19th Century)
• Eye Witness Account of a Sati (16th Century)
• FAQ on The Sati System
• The Sati (Suttee) System of Suicide
• The Sati Practice - The Timeline

Kamat's Potpourri Timeless Theater Women of India Sati System